煤矿区耐镉青霉菌的分离鉴定

[目的]分离鉴定煤矸石中耐Cd2+菌株.[方法]用菌落形态和18S rRNA序列分析鉴定菌株,研究菌株的重金属耐性和在酸性煤矸石浸出液的生长能力,分析其抗氧化酶活性对重金属复合污染的响应.[结果]BJKD4菌株为青霉属(Penicillium sp.)菌,能耐29 mmol/L的Cd2+,不同重金属对BJKD4的毒性大小依次为:Cu2+＞Ni2+＞Cd2+＞pb2+或Zn2+＞Mn2+.正交试验表明BJKD4菌株能在不同浓度重金属Cd、Zn、Ni和Mn等复合污染条件下生长,SOD活性在重金属复合污染时升高,CAT活性变化依重金属的种类和浓度不同而不同;此外,BJKD4能在含有煤矸石酸性浸出液的培养基中生长,并提高其pH.[结论]BJKD4菌株能耐多种重金属,具有阻止煤矸石山淋溶液酸化的应用潜力.抗氧化酶在减缓重金属诱导的氧化胁迫中起重要作用.     

Iron Reduction and Soil Phosphorus Solubilization in Humid Tropical Forests Soils: The Roles of Labile Carbon Pools and an Electron Shuttle Compound

The affinity of iron oxides and hydroxides for phosphorus is thought to contribute to phosphorus limitation to net primary productivity in humid tropical forests on acidic, highly weathered soils. Perennially warm, humid conditions and high biological activity in these soils can result in fluctuating redox potential that in turn leads to considerable iron reduction in the presence of labile carbon and humic substances. We investigated the effects of reducing conditions in combination with the addition of labile carbon substrates (glucose and acetate) and an electron shuttle compound on iron reduction and phosphorus release in a humid tropical forest soil. Glucose or acetate was added to soils as a single dose at the beginning of the experiment, and as pulsed inputs over time, which more closely mimics patterns in labile carbon availability. Iron reduction and phosphorus mobilization were weakly stimulated by a single low level addition of carbon, and the addition of the electron shuttle compound with or without added carbon. Pulsed labile carbon additions produced a significant increase in soil pH, soluble iron, and phosphorus concentrations. Pulsed labile carbon inputs also promoted the precipitation of ferrous hydroxide complexes which could increase the capacity for P sorption, although our results suggest that rates of P solubilization exceeded re-adsorption. Plant and microbial P demand are also likely to serve as an important sinks for released P, limiting the role of P re-adsorption. Our results suggest that reducing conditions coupled with periodic carbon inputs can stimulate iron reduction and a corresponding increase in soil phosphorus mobilization, which may provide a source of phosphorus to plants and microorganisms previously undocumented in these ecosystems.     

城市污泥应用于边坡植被恢复对地表水环境的影响

将城市污泥应用于生态恢复因能避开粮食作物食物链而具有良好前景,但其对地表水环境影响仍不十分清楚.本文将城市污泥与建筑垃圾按1∶1体积比混合为生长基质,覆盖在模拟的煤矸石边坡上,播种8种乡土木本植物,对生长季植物生长情况以及坡面地表水和下渗水的电导率、p H、氮磷钾、重金属、多环芳烃等含量进行分析.结果表明:坡面植物生长良好,平均覆盖度达60%;地表水和下渗水的p H值近中性,变化不大,而电导率、氮磷钾、重金属和多环芳烃含量均较高,其中,氮、磷含量在整个生长季超过国家地表水环境质量Ⅴ类水质标准;7月重金属含量最高,其中,As含量只达地表水环境质量Ⅳ~Ⅴ类标准,其余重金属含量多达Ⅱ~Ⅳ标准;随着夏季雨水淋洗增加以及植物-土壤系统对化学物质的吸收、降解和固着作用,地表水和下渗水的电导率、氮磷钾、重金属和多环芳烃含量均显著下降,生长季后期重金属含量达到地表水环境质量Ⅱ~Ⅲ类标准,多环芳烃含量减少约一半.将城市污泥直接应用在煤矸石边坡生态恢复中有利于植物生长,植物-土壤系统使得生长基质中的有害物含量逐渐降低,对地表水环境的负影响主要表现为氮、磷的富营养化,但总体上其环境安全性可控.     

Effect of Sulfuric Acid on Swelling Behavior of an Expansive Soil

Soil often becomes contaminated with a variety of chemicals due to leakage of under/aboveground chemical storage tanks, improper discharge of waste, or improper design of waste containment facilities. Contaminated soil water can influence the soil's behavior seriously. Mineralogical alterations play a vital role in such circumstances. This paper describes the impact of varying concentrations of sulfuric acid solutions on the swell behavior of expansive soil containing predominantly montmorillonite. Using the conventional oedometer tests, the swell behavior of soil compacted with water inundated with acid solutions was studied. The soil swell, which is about 2% in water, increases to about 9% with 1N and to 50% with 4N acid solutions. The induced swell in acid solutions is attributable to mineralogical changes. The formation of new minerals and their associated fabric changes are investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive analysis of X-ray on soil samples treated with sulfuric acid. While minerals like gypsum and kornelite are formed in the presence of 1N sulfuric acid, aluminite and chloritoid are formed in the presence of 4N sulfuric acid. These types of alterations are known to occur in iron sulfate minerals and are also found on Mars. The mechanism of mineralogical alterations is presented.     

半干旱地区煤矸石山生态分类研究

半干旱地区煤矸石山生态分类研究张军,杨芳,林华（辽宁省阜新矿务局林业处,１２３００３）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｏａｌＧａｎｇｕｅＨｉｌｌｓｉｎＳｅｍｉ－ＡｒｉｄＲｅｇｉｏｎｓ．￥ＺｈａｎｇＪｕｎ;ＹａｎｇＦａｎｇ;Ｌｉｎ...     

Plant-soil interactions associated with acid,weathered soils

Plant-soil interactions in weathered soils are so complex that unqualified statements about a suitable pH for plants are risky. Conventional experimental designs and statistical methods may not be appropriate for investigating such complexities. Lime experiments using continuous function designs and observation of plant response to indigenous variability in soil pH permit detailed observations of plant-soil interactions that are frequently not detected. A graphical boundary-line approach to interpreting data can make good sense out of apparent confusion. Increasing the pH of variable-charge soils by adding lime or by indigenous means increased CEC and retarded cation leaching, but Ca solubility changed very little over the range pH 5 to 6. N fixation and yield was closely related to soil pH, soil Mn and Mn uptake by soybean. This result was clearly demonstrated regardless of numerous other limiting factors. Plant yield response curves resolved into distinct segments that corresponded with associated soil properties. Excess Al compounded by Ca deficiency is suspect in the pH range <5. Excess Mn, and Ca deficiency probably limited yields in the pH range 5.0 to 5.7. Yields were stable, and Ca and P were constant in the pH interval 5.7 to 6.0. Yields abruptly increased in the pH interval 6.0 to 6.3. This was associated with elevated Ca concentrations in soil solutions.     

Comparisons of primary production and nutrients absorption by aMiscanthus sinensis community in different soils

Soil properties, primary production, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in aMiscanthus sinensis community on serpentine gangue area were compared with that on nonserpentine area. Soil water content, soil pH and nitrogen content were quite different between the serpentine gangue area and nonserpentine area; but phosphorus content of the soil was similar between the two sites. The maximum above-ground net production in the serpentine gangue and nonserpentine areas was 4.5±0.2 kg m^–2 yr^–1 and 7.8±0.2 kg m^–2 yr^–1, respectively. The total maximum standing biomass in the serpentine gangue and nonserpentine areas was 8.5±0.8 kg m^–2 and 11.9±0.4 kg m^–2, respectively. Nitrogen uptake by plants in the nonserpentine area was 2.4 times greater than that in the serpentine gangue area. Phosphorus uptake by plants were similar for the two sites. The most probable reasons for the small biomass produced by theMiscanthus sinensis community in this serpentine gangue area are the low levels of nitrogen and water availability in the soil.     

黑龙江省东部矿区鸟类群落多样性的比较分析

2007年12月至2009年2月,采用样线法和样方法对黑龙江东部4个主要矿区(鸡西、鹤岗、双鸭山和七台河矿区)的鸟类群落多样性进行了调查,共记录到鸟类16目36科107种。其中古北种50种,东洋种11种,广布种46种;留鸟22种,夏候鸟64种,冬候鸟1种,旅鸟20种;国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类1种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类13种。4个矿区中以鸡西矿区的鸟类多样性和均匀性最高,鹤岗最低,这与煤矸石的堆积、采矿方式,以及矿区生境类型、植被演替等有关。在植被演替的不同阶段鸟类多样性存在差异,处于演替中期的针阔混交林中鸟类多样性最高,处于演替早期的阔叶林最低。     

保水剂对煤矸石基质上高羊茅生长及营养吸收的影响

为探索保水剂对煤矸石废弃地上高羊茅生长及营养特征的影响,按煤矸石与土壤质量比设3种基质梯度,每种基质分别添加3种质量的保水剂,设对照(CK),共10种处理。观测和分析不同处理下高羊茅的生长高度、生物量、营养特征及SPAD值(相对叶绿素含量),结果显示:保水剂主要影响高羊茅地上部分的生物量,而煤矸石与土壤的质量比主要影响地下部分的生物量;煤矸石与土壤质量比相同条件下,添加1 g/kg的保水剂即可促进高羊茅的生长,添加2 g/kg保水剂能使高羊茅尽快适应基质环境,使其日均生长率在出苗后第2周达到峰值。煤矸石基质中添加保水剂能促使高羊茅将煤矸石基质中的营养元素从植株地下部分向地上部分转移,供植株生长需要,基质中添加1 g/kg保水剂时高羊茅对磷的吸收效果最好。此外,添加保水剂能使叶片的SPAD值增加。综合比较不同处理下高羊茅的株高、生物量、营养特征及叶片的SPAD值认为,处理6(煤矸石与土壤质量比为750:250、基质中添加2 g保水剂)与处理8(煤矸石与土壤质量比为500:500、基质中添加1 g保水剂)是适合煤矸石废弃地上高羊茅生长的较好配比。